ninhydrin fingerprint procedure

Our chambers are capable of reaching temperatures of up to 50C (122F) with relative humidity up to 90%, conditions which reduces the reaction time from days to minutes. Organic chemistry consists of several tests for qualitative analysis of the compounds. You know that ninhydrin can be a powerful oxidizing agent. Then, add distilled water to the test tubes to make the volume equal to 1 mL. The directions are specific and should be followed step by step to achieve the desired . Therefore, a separate analysis is needed to identify amino acids that may react or not react with ninhydrin. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemann purpura. Ninhydrin reacts with the amino group of the free amino acid in the test sample and oxidizes the compound, leading to delamination. 0000012813 00000 n It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4). This test consists of a chemical reaction that determines whether a sample compound contains amines or alpha-amino acids. A treatment with ninhydrin would result in a dramatic purple color. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The easiest solvent to obtain is acetone, which is available at any paint store. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. . Many bioanalytical procedures use ninhydrin, especially for amino acid analysis method. 2. 0000003788 00000 n A ninhydrin test is a general test performed by all amino acids. Bluish to purplish discoloration is produced by the a-amino acids while yellow to orange discoloration is caused by secondary amine like proline. When Ninhydrin gets in contact with those substances, it reacts with creating a blue violet-red brownish colorant which makes them visible. 5. To distinguish between amino acids and carbohydrates. Ninhydrin, in appearance, is a white-colored solid, which is soluble . This test is the result of the reaction of the amino group of the unbound amino acid with ninhydrin. The one in the left is negative while the other on the right is positive as seen in the purplish/bluish discoloration. This test involves the addition of ninhydrin reagent to the test sample that results in the formation of deep blue color, often termed as Ruhemanns purple, in the presence of an amino group. For compounds such as the likes of hydroxyproline or proline, the colouration we obtain is yellow. Picture Source:encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. 0000026744 00000 n Ninhydrin is a strong oxidising agent when it reacts with alpha amino acids gives purple color which is known as ruhemanns purple complex, this is the result of the reaction of ninhydrin and amines present in the primary amino acids, prolin has a ring structure so nitrogen is not free to react with the ninhydrin as it is locked in the ring structure hence unable to produce purple complex and gives yellow color. A fingermark that contains amino acid is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger ridge pattern. 0000001603 00000 n The simplest Ninhydrin solution to prepare is made by pouring 25 grams of Ninhydrin crystals into a gallon (or 4 liters) of solvent. We transfer the test solution to a test tube, and to this, we add a few drops of the ninhydrin solution. For more information or to request a quote, see our Contact Us page or call us at (800) 998-0500. Besides the gasses, we obtain an aldehyde and hydrindantin, which is formed by the reduction of ninhydrin. (2, 5, and 9). 1.4 The procedure of the Ninhydrin Test. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. Ninhydrin is the preferred chemical for visualizing fingerprints on porous materials and papers, as it reacts with the sweat-retained amino acids. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. How is a ninhydrin solution used during forensics? 0000005156 00000 n Ninhydrin is a chemical powder that is soluble in ethanol or acetone at room temperature. This test is also used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to monitor the protection for amino acid analysis of proteins. The color intensity, in turn, depends on the type of amino acid present. Photocopy or photograph documents. 0000002292 00000 n 2. Tubes 10-15 are for the unknown samples. There are many types of reagents that can be used to detect amino acids on thin posterior chromatographic plates. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemann's purple. This color verifies the presence of amines and gives us a positive ninhydrin test. If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. in Microbiology from St. Xavier's College, Kathmandu, Nepal. When the surface is exposed to ninhydrin, the amino acids are converted into visibly coloured products, revealing the print. This part react with the ninhydrin and forms a color compound. The test is performed as a result of the reaction between the amino group of free amino acid and ninhydrin. A finger mark contains amino acids is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger crest pattern. This test is also used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to monitor the protection for amino acid analysis of proteins. One such test is the ninhydrin test reaction. To quantify the amino acids present in the sample. Watch for any signs of changes in color blue or violet. Please submit your question in appropriate category. 1.4.1 For qualitative analysis. There are other variations of the ninhydrin test reaction, such as: If the test sample contains proteinogenic amino acids such as proline, the colouration obtained is yellow. This coloured complex is what we call Ruhemann's purple, and this gives our solution the deep blue colouration. 0000003500 00000 n Ninhydrin is a chemical compound used for the detection of ammonia. Ruhemann's purple is a deep blue or purple colour that is a consequence due to the interaction between interacting with these free amines. Mackenzie de la Hunty (University of Technology Sydney) demonstrates the reagent ninhydrin and its use to stain fingerprints through a chemical reaction.100 Reactions for RACI100 is a project launched by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) in celebration of the Institute's centenary (#RACI100) in 2017. The strongly colored compound that is then formed is called Ruhemanns purple. Ninhydrin is a chemical that detects ammonia as well as amines (primary and secondary). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. Furthermore, it has various toxic effects on mammals. You can calculate the amount of amino acids in the unknown sample using a standard curve with A570 on the Y-axis and a concentration of amino acids on the X-axis. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Cover the tubes with caps on top and incubate at 90C for 17 minutes or boiling water bath for 20 minutes. It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. The method involves the well-known ninhydrin test for amino-acids, often used in chromatography. The reaction causes the production of an intense purple dye called Ruhemann's purple (see the above image for an example). The C-terminus of the chain is connected to the solid support, whereas the N-terminus extends away from it. When Ninhydrin gets in contact with those substances, it reacts with creating a blue violet-red brownish colorant which makes them visible. The procedure must be done in a chamber or in a secure location where the temperature is around 80F and around 80% humidity. This process is the ninhydrin test mechanism. Amino acids a can cause discoloration ranging from blue to purple, while secondary amines such as proline can produce yellow to orange discoloration. An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. When a ninhydrin solution is put on fingerprints (typically with a simple spray bottle), the ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids found in fingerprint residue. Ninhydrin Test Procedure For quantitative analysis. Image 2: A ninhydrin test is used to detect fingerprints. Official websites use .gov However, its power comes with a few disadvantages. >LEUCINE This test consists of a chemical reaction that determines whether a sample compound contains amines or alpha-amino acids. Ninhydrin is known as one of the best processes to make latent fingerprints visible on porous surfaces, especially older ones. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. In this method, fingerprints on paper have always been considered a great nuisance, and one is. 0000000996 00000 n Procedure. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Also included are processing sequences that specifically involve prints that are left in blood. The marker for a positive ninhydrin test is a deep blue colouration obtained in the solution. It prevents the ninhydrin from reaching the alpha amino groups. Ruhemann purpura is the name for the strong compound which is formed by ninhydrin. A solution is prepared by mixing the ninhydrin powder with a suitable solvent like acetone or ethanol. Here ninhydrin acts as an oxidizing agent, and itself gets reduced. This reagent acts as an oxidizing agent for compounds containing an amino group. From the graph, we can determine the concentration of unknown samples. Place the test tubes in the water bath for 5 minutes and then allow cooling to room temperature. This chemical is added to a solution of the sample compound. Ninhydrin is the most well known and most used reagent for visualization of fingerprints on paper and other porous materials (e.g. The formed NH3 reacts with the molecule of ninhydrin resulting in the formation of a blue substance. The marker for a positive ninhydrin test is a deep blue colouration obtained in the solution. While the components in the fingerprint deposit which are sensitive to PD have not been identified, they are supposed to be waxy or fatty material. Ninhydrin is the most widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard. It is helpful in monitoring deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis. Ask students to make a set of fingerprints on a sheet of blotting or filter paper. 0000003204 00000 n Ninhydrin reacts with not only a-amino group but also nitrogen in ammonia or other free amines. In 1954, another method for detecting fingerprints started to see use: ninhydrin application. 1. Id. When a solution of ninhydrin is applied to fingerprints (usually via a simple spray bottle), the ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids that are present in fingerprint residue. 131 35 When the chemical contacts the fat, it turns the print a brownish color. To detect the presence of amines and amino groups in the test solution. The chemical processes involved are quite complex . Tubes 10 to 15 are for unknown samples. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id","a969962ba22be427739691dfe4ad4324");document.getElementById("f0ed784c47").setAttribute("id","comment"); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Both test tubes should be poured with a few drops of 2% ninhydrin. However, some amino acids like proline and hydroxyproline do not lead to the production of blue or purple substances. Ninhydrin is the most commonly used reagent for the visualization of latent fingerprints on paper; however, there are instances when treatment with ninhydrin will not show useful marks because some people do not deposit sufficient quantities of amino acids to produce a visible reaction with ninhydrin or because the paper may have been kept in a humid atmosphere or wetted since a mark was . The product of this blue violet reaction was described by Ruhemann in 1911 for the first time. Ninhydrin is the most commonly used reagent for the visualization of latent fingerprints on paper; however, there are instances when treatment with ninhydrin will not show useful marks because some people do not deposit sufficient quantities of amino acids to produce a visible reaction with ninhydrin or because the paper may have been kept in a humid atmosphere or wetted since a mark was deposited. On obtaining a positive ninhydrin test result, we get a blue colouration which we call Ruhemann's purple. Discuss the Mechanism of the Ninhydrin Reaction. Gelatin turned out yellow-ish which indicates a positive test for proline, but negative for amino acids. Ninhydrin reacts not only reacts with -amino groups but also with nitrogen in ammonia and other free amines. Most amino acids hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. 0000000016 00000 n One of the drawbacks of using ninhydrin is that the reaction is very slow, often taking several hours for the print to become visible. Ninhydrin reacts with the amino group of the free amino acid in the test sample and oxidizes the compound, leading to delamination. A treatment with ninhydrin would result in dramatic purple color. Keep them in the water bath for five minutes, then let them cool down to room temperature. startxref The partial positive charge on a carbonyl's carbon atom is amplified by surrounding electron-withdrawing groups like carbonyl itself. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Also, unprocessed ninhydrin stays on the exhibit, which might cause new fingerprints in case of careless handling, which are only seen days later. Q. 0000007307 00000 n Sandridge, St Albans, Hertfordshire AL4 9HQ England, United Kingdom, Box 6000, Dept F, Rockville, MD 20849, United States. 165 0 obj Plant Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram, 22 Types of Spectroscopy with Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses, Animal Cell- Definition, Structure, Parts, Functions, Labeled Diagram, 37 Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses, 14 Types of Chromatography (Definition, Principle, Steps, Uses). 0000001999 00000 n 0000020970 00000 n Some amino acid chains degrade. trailer It is the most preferred one because of its high sensitivity. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Image 1: A ninhydrin test involving two test tubes. For several centuries, dating back to about 1750 B.C., fingerprints have been recognized as a method of identifying people. The objective of carrying out a ninhydrin test is to verify the presence of an amino group in the given compound. It was in 1954 when two investigators; Oden and von Hofsten proposed the use of ninhydrin in the development of latent fingerprints. 0000002591 00000 n This report describes the technique for using a reagent called a physical developer to use subsequent to the application of ninhydrin where ninhydrin has failed to produce useful fingerprints on paper. The Ninhydrin test is not effective to detect high molecular weight proteins as the steric hindrance limits the ninhydrin from reaching the -amino groups. What is the principle of the ninhydrin test? The absence of the complex in the tube represents a negative result and indicates the lack of amino acids in the sample. It is used to detect ammonia and amines. Therefore making the fingerprint visible. 0000005607 00000 n Ninhydrin is the most widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard. The ninhydrin chemical test is used for determining whether an analyte contains any amines or amino acids. 4. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/ninhydrin-test-principle-requirements-procedure-and-result/, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf030490p, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/ninhydrin-reaction, https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/chemistry/ninhydrin-test/, http://biocheminfo.com/2020/04/03/ninhydrin-test-principle-reaction-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation/. Ninhydrin reacts with amines to form a blue color or a slight purple color, also referred to as Ruhemann's purple. Take 1 ml of standard protein solution in one test tube and 1 ml of the test sample in another dry test tube. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. The reaction takes place between the amino group in the sample compound and the ninhydrin reagent. Download App. Ninhydrin (also known as 2,2-dihydroxyindan-1,3-dione or 1,2,3-indantrione, mono hydrate) reacts with the amino acids in sweat left behind in a fingerprint. Explain the Procedure of Carrying Out the Ninhydrin Reaction. Methyl Alcohol (methanol) works well, also. A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion can be examined with ninhydrin by dotting it onto a solid support (such as silica gel); if the solution contains this species, treatment with ninhydrin should result in vivid purple colour. A lock ( Instead, they produce color yellow. Iodine fuming kit. Therefore, making the fingerprint visible. One test-tube should contain 1 ml standard protein solution and one tube with 1 ml test sample. The reaction causes the production of an intense purple dye called Ruhemanns purple (see the above image for an example). Ninhydrin reacts with compounds containing amine such as proteins in the blood. Ninhydrin reacts with compounds containing amine such as proteins in the blood. However, since the late nineteenth century, the most well-known use of fingerprinting has been in criminal forensics, where fingerprints lifted from surfaces at crime scenes or from pieces of evidence are used to place suspects at that location or with that object. 0000027156 00000 n As the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin, it is most typically employed to identify fingerprints. Organic chemistry consists of several tests for qualitative analysis of the compounds. Albumin colored yellow and is positive for proline. To detect amino acids on thin later chromatographic plates, various types of reagents are used and one of them is ninhydrin. We let the test tube rest for a few minutes in a water bath at a slightly higher temperature. The reagent can also be employed in thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyse a chemical reaction (usually 0.2 per cent solution in either n-butanol or ethanol). Ninhydrin is the most widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard. The beginning of this manual is a list of processes and procedures for different surface types. Practical Biochemistry. In this article, we will discuss the ninhydrin test reaction in detail. 131 0 obj Prepare a standard curve of absorbance against amino acid concentration. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C. . If we use the reagent asparagine instead of ninhydrin, we obtain a brown coloured complex. Prints more than 50 years of age have been developed by this process (Lennard; Ninhydrin). Ninhydrin Method:- The development of the latent prints with ninhydrin depends on the traces of amino acid present in the sweat residue. As a result, the central carbon of a 1,2,3-tricarbonyl molecule is substantially more electrophilic than a ketone's central carbon. Next, we prepare a solution of the given test compound using distilled water. If the fumer is aimed at a latent print, the iodine vapors will cause the prints to become temporarily visible. The following are the steps we carry out to run the ninhydrin test: We begin with a 2% solution of ninhydrin which we prepare by dissolving 0.2g of ninhydrin per 10ml of a carrier solvent such as acetone or ethanol. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. Image 3: The test tubes reveals a positive ninhydrin test. These are some of the reasons why the treated exhibit should always be stored and carried in special protective envelopes. A fingermark that contains amino acid is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger ridge pattern. >CASSEINE HYDROLYSYLASE. It reacts with the amino group of the compound, leading to delamination. Pipette different amounts (10 ul, 20, ul, and so forth) of the protein solution in the provided stock solution into a series of test tubes. At room temperature, the reaction between ninhydrin and the latent amino acids can take up to several days. These are ammonia (NH. The ninhydrin test can be used to see fingerprints. Fingerprint Enhancing Methods Chada Marshall Criminal Justice, Post University CRJ213: Fingerprinting Professor . To apply, use aspirating flask and spray both sides of document with ninhydrin solution, dip into tray or bowl of ninhydrin solution soaking paper for a few seconds, or brush ninhydrin solution onto the item using a camel hair or stiff bristle brush. As the ninhydrin test is quite sensitive, it is commonly used to detect fingerprints. Mix 1% of amino acid solution in distilled water. We do this by taking 0.2g of ninhydrin and dissolve it in 10ml of the solvent. Prepare a standard curve for absorbance versus amino acid concentration. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H6O4. Here ninhydrin acts as an oxidizing agent, and itself gets reduced. Ninhydrin is also the same chemical used to detect fingerprints. Take two test tubes in a test tube stand and mark them as S (standard protein solution) and T (test sample). By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. It is often used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. The ninhydrin test can be used to see fingerprints. Cap the tubes and place them in an incubator at 90degC for 17 minutes or in a hot boiling water bath for 20 min. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Similarly, proteins with a free amind group like asparagine, react with the ninhydrin reagent to form a brown colored product. 3% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninhydrin. Explain What You Mean By Ninhydrin Test. In this reaction, two gasses get released. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4).The chemical processes involved are quite complex and development conditions, such as temperature . Ninhydrin is the most widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard. It plays an important role in monitoring deprotection in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Ninhydrin test is extremely sensitive that it can be used to visualize fingerprints. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Some amino acid chains degrade. Therefore, the application of Ninhydrin plays an important role in the collection of evidence. It is used to verify a solution suspected of having ammonium ions. To determine the amount of amino acids in the sample. As a result, only ammonia and primary amines can pass through this stage. Besides the gasses, we obtain an aldehyde and hydrindantin, which is formed by the reduction of ninhydrin. The amine functional group of -amino acids reacts with ninhydrin to form purple-colored compounds. Ninhydrin test is a chemical test performed to detect the presence of ammonia, primary/secondary amines, or amino acids. There are many methods of detecting fingerprints. To this, we add a few drops of our ninhydrin solution. Experience how EVISCAN processes latent fingerprints on your desktop! paper, cardboard, newspaper) and non-porous surfaces, like glass and plastic. All rights reserved. More so, ninhydrin as a reagent is used to detect amino acids on a chromatogram. It plays an important role in the design and synthesis of different frameworks, especially in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds like anticancer agents. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Most amino acids are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. There are various improvements in the use of ninhydrin to check and analyze various chemical compounds, foods, tissues, and drug of interest. Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 C (OH) 2. In addition, some studies show that Ninhydrin acts as a strong stage 1 tumor promoter. The Vedantu app and website contain free study materials. As you know, ninhydrin is a strong oxidizing agent. Under normal circumstances, ninhydrin is a white solid and soluble in substances like acetone and ethanol at room temperature. LockA locked padlock As the ninhydrin test is quite sensitive, it is commonly used to detect fingerprints. The ninhydrin reaction mechanism is essentially an oxidation and reduction reaction process. With all amino acids except proline and hydroproline, the resultant color is blue/purple/violet. Tiwari A. This reaction is then followed by condensation between the reduced ninhydrin molecules, released ammonia, and the second molecule of ninhydrin. Are ninhydrin fingerprints permanent? I did a lab test on some of these. They usually yield to a brown colored product. Silver nitrate can also be used to detect prints; when applied to paper with distilled water any existing prints will turn black. An equivalent number of the test solution and distilled water, both 1 ml is put in a dry test tube. A reagent called physical developer (PD) has been developed by Great Britain's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment under contract to the Police Scientific Development Branch for use when ninhydrin fails to yield prints. By the end of the reaction, a diketohydrin complex is formed which has a deep purple color. This redox reaction reduces the ninhydrin and forms a reduced product known as hydrindantin, besides forming an aldehyde. Manage Settings You can also order research peptides from licensed stores that offer premium-quality products for your research whenever you require them. And also, Proline and hydroxyproline give a yellow spot upon reaction with Nihhydrin, This color difference is due to the lack of a primary amine that all of the other protein amino acids have. Ninhydrin is used in many bioanalytical processes, including the amino acid analysis method. What are the requirements for the ninhydrin test? Ninhydrin is the most preferred chemical for the visualization of fingerprints on porous materials and paper as it reacts with the amino acids in the sweat left behind in a fingerprint. Next, we prepare a 1% solution of the test compound using distilled water. Ninhydrin test is extremely sensitive that it can be used to visualize fingerprints. Made with by Sagar Aryal. The intensity of the formed complex is proportional to the concentration of amino acids in the solution. Then, use vortexing to mix. The ninhydrin testing can be used for quantitative and qualitative purposes, i.e. To accelerate the reaction, the object containing the print can be heated to 80 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The color reaction of ninhydrin is helpful in various industries such as biochemistry, microbiology, food industry, protein science, and histochemistry. Observe the formation of color and note down the result. Discoloration occurs when the amino acids react with ninhydrin. Glycine colored purple which is positive for amino acids. The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H6O4. Another method involves blowing iodine crystals through a specialized glass tube (called a fumer) that vaporizes the crystals. The solution is applied to the suspected surface by spraying prints that begin to appear within an hour . All amino acids can perform a ninhydrin-test. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemanns purple. STR Invisorb spin forensicDNA,(LCN)STR,"502"STR A treatment with ninhydrin would result in dramatic purple color. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. Download our Microbiology Note app from play Store. Ninhydrin is the preferred chemical for visualizing fingerprints on porous materials and papers, as it reacts with the sweat-retained amino acids. If the solution develops a deep blue or purplish colour, we have a positive ninhydrin test. It is used in the analysis of amino acids in proteins. xref NIST- National Institute of Standards and Technology. how did douglas henderson die, cleveland heights police blotter,

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